“To adopt a recent definition of some of Mr. Stevenson’s tales, this little shilling work is like ‘Poe with the addition of a moral sense….’ We would welcome a spectre, a ghoul, or even a vampire gladly, rather than meet Mr. Edward Hyde…[t]he exact nature of the relations between Jekyll and Hyde…lack, too, that quality of merely earthly horror or of physical corruption and decay which Poe was apt to introduce so frequently and with such unpleasant and unholy enjoyment.” (Lang 1886)

“In 1811 Mary Reynolds, a somber Pennsylvania spinster, awoke from a prolonged sleep as a new personality. Family memoirs describing her 18 years of shifts between two personalities shaped nineteenth century thinking about multiple personality disorder. As in other early case histories, no mention was made of childhood trauma, a factor found in 97% of contemporary cases. This discussion reviews genealogical and historical documents which suggest that Mary Reynolds did experience early trauma as a victim of religious persecution, which finally forced her family to leave Birmingham, England, when Mary was eight. Review of her illness indicates it may have functioned to eradicate memories of traumatic early experiences.” (Goodwin 1987)

Goodwin, J. Mary Reynolds: a post-traumatic reinterpretation of a classic case of multiple personality disorder. Hillside J Clin Psychiatry. 1987;9(1):89-99.

Lang, Andrew. Review of The Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde. The Saturday Review. 9 Jan, 1886.

The Individual: Therapy- Sigmund Freud: Conflict & Culture. Library of Congress.